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Grafana Dashboards
Create and manage production-ready Grafana dashboards for comprehensive system observability.
Purpose
Design effective Grafana dashboards for monitoring applications, infrastructure, and business metrics.
When to Use
- Visualize Prometheus metrics
- Create custom dashboards
- Implement SLO dashboards
- Monitor infrastructure
- Track business KPIs
Dashboard Design Principles
1. Hierarchy of Information
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Critical Metrics (Big Numbers) │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Key Trends (Time Series) │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Detailed Metrics (Tables/Heatmaps) │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘2. RED Method (Services)
- Rate - Requests per second
- Errors - Error rate
- Duration - Latency/response time
3. USE Method (Resources)
- Utilization - % time resource is busy
- Saturation - Queue length/wait time
- Errors - Error count
Dashboard Structure
API Monitoring Dashboard
json
{
"dashboard": {
"title": "API Monitoring",
"tags": ["api", "production"],
"timezone": "browser",
"refresh": "30s",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Request Rate",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (service)",
"legendFormat": "{{service}}"
}
],
"gridPos": { "x": 0, "y": 0, "w": 12, "h": 8 }
},
{
"title": "Error Rate %",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "(sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~\"5..\"}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))) * 100",
"legendFormat": "Error Rate"
}
],
"alert": {
"conditions": [
{
"evaluator": { "params": [5], "type": "gt" },
"operator": { "type": "and" },
"query": { "params": ["A", "5m", "now"] },
"type": "query"
}
]
},
"gridPos": { "x": 12, "y": 0, "w": 12, "h": 8 }
},
{
"title": "P95 Latency",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, service))",
"legendFormat": "{{service}}"
}
],
"gridPos": { "x": 0, "y": 8, "w": 24, "h": 8 }
}
]
}
}Panel Types
1. Stat Panel (Single Value)
json
{
"type": "stat",
"title": "Total Requests",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(http_requests_total)"
}
],
"options": {
"reduceOptions": {
"values": false,
"calcs": ["lastNotNull"]
},
"orientation": "auto",
"textMode": "auto",
"colorMode": "value"
},
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{ "value": 0, "color": "green" },
{ "value": 80, "color": "yellow" },
{ "value": 90, "color": "red" }
]
}
}
}
}2. Time Series Graph
json
{
"type": "graph",
"title": "CPU Usage",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"}[5m])) * 100)"
}
],
"yaxes": [
{ "format": "percent", "max": 100, "min": 0 },
{ "format": "short" }
]
}3. Table Panel
json
{
"type": "table",
"title": "Service Status",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "up",
"format": "table",
"instant": true
}
],
"transformations": [
{
"id": "organize",
"options": {
"excludeByName": { "Time": true },
"indexByName": {},
"renameByName": {
"instance": "Instance",
"job": "Service",
"Value": "Status"
}
}
}
]
}4. Heatmap
json
{
"type": "heatmap",
"title": "Latency Heatmap",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)",
"format": "heatmap"
}
],
"dataFormat": "tsbuckets",
"yAxis": {
"format": "s"
}
}Variables
Query Variables
json
{
"templating": {
"list": [
{
"name": "namespace",
"type": "query",
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"query": "label_values(kube_pod_info, namespace)",
"refresh": 1,
"multi": false
},
{
"name": "service",
"type": "query",
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"query": "label_values(kube_service_info{namespace=\"$namespace\"}, service)",
"refresh": 1,
"multi": true
}
]
}
}Use Variables in Queries
sum(rate(http_requests_total{namespace="$namespace", service=~"$service"}[5m]))Alerts in Dashboards
json
{
"alert": {
"name": "High Error Rate",
"conditions": [
{
"evaluator": {
"params": [5],
"type": "gt"
},
"operator": { "type": "and" },
"query": {
"params": ["A", "5m", "now"]
},
"reducer": { "type": "avg" },
"type": "query"
}
],
"executionErrorState": "alerting",
"for": "5m",
"frequency": "1m",
"message": "Error rate is above 5%",
"noDataState": "no_data",
"notifications": [{ "uid": "slack-channel" }]
}
}Dashboard Provisioning
dashboards.yml:
yaml
apiVersion: 1
providers:
- name: "default"
orgId: 1
folder: "General"
type: file
disableDeletion: false
updateIntervalSeconds: 10
allowUiUpdates: true
options:
path: /etc/grafana/dashboardsCommon Dashboard Patterns
Infrastructure Dashboard
Key Panels:
- CPU utilization per node
- Memory usage per node
- Disk I/O
- Network traffic
- Pod count by namespace
- Node status
Database Dashboard
Key Panels:
- Queries per second
- Connection pool usage
- Query latency (P50, P95, P99)
- Active connections
- Database size
- Replication lag
- Slow queries
Application Dashboard
Key Panels:
- Request rate
- Error rate
- Response time (percentiles)
- Active users/sessions
- Cache hit rate
- Queue length
Best Practices
- Start with templates (Grafana community dashboards)
- Use consistent naming for panels and variables
- Group related metrics in rows
- Set appropriate time ranges (default: Last 6 hours)
- Use variables for flexibility
- Add panel descriptions for context
- Configure units correctly
- Set meaningful thresholds for colors
- Use consistent colors across dashboards
- Test with different time ranges
Dashboard as Code
Terraform Provisioning
hcl
resource "grafana_dashboard" "api_monitoring" {
config_json = file("${path.module}/dashboards/api-monitoring.json")
folder = grafana_folder.monitoring.id
}
resource "grafana_folder" "monitoring" {
title = "Production Monitoring"
}Ansible Provisioning
yaml
- name: Deploy Grafana dashboards
copy:
src: "{{ item }}"
dest: /etc/grafana/dashboards/
with_fileglob:
- "dashboards/*.json"
notify: restart grafanaRelated Skills
prometheus-configuration- For metric collectionslo-implementation- For SLO dashboards
